Which factor does not determine food spoilage?

The correct choice reflects the fact that while characteristic smell can be a significant indicator of food spoilage, it is not a definitive factor that determines spoilage. Unlike appearance, texture, and temperature, which directly contribute to the assessment of whether food has spoiled or is safe to consume, smell may not always be a reliable factor on its own.

For instance, some foods can have a strong aroma while still being safe to eat, and conversely, others may not exhibit any unusual smell yet could still harbor harmful pathogens. Understanding spoilage involves a combination of visual cues (appearance and texture) and environmental conditions (temperature) that can lead to changes in food quality. Therefore, the relationship between smell and spoilage is more ambiguous and does not serve as a standalone determinant compared to the other factors mentioned.